There doesn’t seem to be any literal translation of the Analects out there that tracks the original grammar, which is annoying. So here I did it, in-text commentary in parentheses. Not a big fan of this text.<\/p>\n
\u300a\u5b78\u800c\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00<\/strong><\/p>\n Note:<\/u> The princely scholars, sometimes translated as gentleman-scholars, are more or less the intellectual elite who assign themselves the task of defining morality and leading by example. Here, they have a rambling discussion about the desirable traits of a princely scholar (and therefore the ideal benevolent man), and how such a person participates in managing the masses, who need not understand anything but merely follow along.<\/em><\/p>\n 1. \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u5b78\u800c\u6642\u7fd2\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ea6\u8aaa\u4e4e\uff1f\u6709\u670b\u81ea\u9060\u65b9\u4f86\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ea6\u6a02\u4e4e\uff1f\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u800c\u4e0d\u614d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ea6\u541b\u5b50\u4e4e\uff1f\u300d<\/strong> (To learn and teach through example and action, and to get resonance among peers is the mark of an elite intellectual; whether others get it is not important. Confucius is talking about his own reasons for teaching rather than going on the lobbying circuit, where he was frequently rebuffed.) (An elite intellectual can derive for himself general moral guidelines from basic principles of family relationship.)<\/p>\n 3. \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u5de7\u8a00\u4ee4\u8272\uff0c\u9bae\u77e3\u4ec1\uff01\u300d<\/strong> 4. \u66fe\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u543e\u65e5\u4e09\u7701\u543e\u8eab\uff1a\u7232\u4eba\u8b00\u800c\u4e0d\u5fe0\u4e4e\uff1f\u8207\u670b\u53cb\u4ea4\u800c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4e4e\uff1f\u50b3\u4e0d\u7fd2\u4e4e\uff1f\u300d<\/strong> 5. \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u9053\u5343\u4e58\u4e4b\u570b\uff1a\u656c\u4e8b\u800c\u4fe1\uff0c\u7bc0\u7528\u800c\u611b\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c11\u4ee5\u6642\u3002\u300d<\/strong> (Conducting the affairs of a state uses the same guidelines as conducting oneself benevolently.)<\/p>\n 6. \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u5f1f\u5b50\u5165\u5247\u5b5d\uff0c\u51fa\u5247\u5f1f\uff0c\u8b39\u800c\u4fe1\uff0c\u6c4e\u611b\u773e\uff0c\u800c\u89aa\u4ec1\u3002\u884c\u6709\u9918\u529b\uff0c\u5247\u4ee5\u5b78\u6587\u3002\u300d<\/strong> (Conducting oneself benevolently is about being modest, sincere, considerate.)<\/p>\n 7. \u5b50\u590f\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u8ce2\u8ce2\u6613\u8272\uff0c\u4e8b\u7236\u6bcd\u80fd\u7aed\u5176\u529b\uff0c\u4e8b\u541b\u80fd\u81f4\u5176\u8eab\uff0c\u8207\u670b\u53cb\u4ea4\u8a00\u800c\u6709\u4fe1\u3002\u96d6\u66f0\u672a\u5b78\uff0c\u543e\u5fc5\u8b02\u4e4b\u5b78\u77e3\u3002\u300d<\/strong> (Upholding an inner ideal affects outer behavior, and doing this is also a form of learning.)<\/p>\n 8. \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u541b\u5b50\u4e0d\u91cd\u5247\u4e0d\u5a01\uff0c\u5b78\u5247\u4e0d\u56fa\u3002\u4e3b\u5fe0\u4fe1\u3002\u7121\u53cb\u4e0d\u5982\u5df1\u8005\u3002\u904e\u5247\u52ff\u619a\u6539\u3002\u300d<\/strong> (An elite should be consistent and emphatic in his meritorious behavior, otherwise he could neither learn nor be an example.)<\/p>\n 9. \u66fe\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u614e\u7d42\u8ffd\u9060\uff0c\u6c11\u5fb7\u6b78\u539a\u77e3\u3002\u300d<\/strong> (Practicing basic familial obligations improves the general moral fiber of the masses.)<\/p>\n 10. \u5b50\u79bd\u554f\u65bc\u5b50\u8ca2\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u592b\u5b50\u81f3\u65bc\u662f\u90a6\u4e5f\uff0c\u5fc5\u805e\u5176\u653f\uff0c\u6c42\u4e4b\u8207\uff1f\u6291\u8207\u4e4b\u8207\uff1f\u300d\u5b50\u8ca2\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u592b\u5b50\u6eab\u3001\u826f\u3001\u606d\u3001\u5109\u3001\u8b93\u4ee5\u5f97\u4e4b\u3002\u592b\u5b50\u4e4b\u6c42\u4e4b\u4e5f\uff0c\u5176\u8af8\u7570\u4e4e\u4eba\u4e4b\u6c42\u4e4b\u8207\u3002\u300d<\/strong> 11. \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u7236\u5728\uff0c\u89c0\u5176\u5fd7\uff1b\u7236\u6c92\uff0c\u89c0\u5176\u884c\uff1b\u4e09\u5e74\u7121\u6539\u65bc\u7236\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u53ef\u8b02\u5b5d\u77e3\u3002\u300d<\/strong> 12. \u6709\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u79ae\u4e4b\u7528\uff0c\u548c\u70ba\u8cb4\u3002\u5148\u738b\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u65af\u70ba\u7f8e\u3002\u5c0f\u5927\u7531\u4e4b\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u884c\u3002\u77e5\u548c\u800c\u548c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ee5\u79ae\u7bc0\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u4e5f\u3002\u300d<\/strong> (Propriety is the necessary means for maintaining harmony, which is the essence.)<\/p>\n 13. \u6709\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u4fe1\u8fd1\u65bc\u7fa9\uff0c\u8a00\u53ef\u5fa9\u4e5f\uff1b\u606d\u8fd1\u65bc\u79ae\uff0c\u9060\u6065\u8fb1\u4e5f\uff1b\u56e0\u4e0d\u5931\u5176\u89aa\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u5b97\u4e5f\u3002\u300d<\/strong> (Received behaviors that closely match the underlying morality are easy to follow.)<\/p>\n 14. \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u541b\u5b50\u98df\u7121\u6c42\u98fd\uff0c\u5c45\u7121\u6c42\u5b89\uff0c\u654f\u65bc\u4e8b\u800c\u614e\u65bc\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u9053\u800c\u6b63\u7109\uff0c\u53ef\u8b02\u597d\u5b78\u4e5f\u5df2\u3002\u300d<\/strong> (Somebody who doesn’t ask too much and regulates himself is well socialized.)<\/p>\n 15. \u5b50\u8ca2\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u8ca7\u800c\u7121\u8ac2\uff0c\u5bcc\u800c\u7121\u9a55\uff0c\u4f55\u5982\uff1f\u300d\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u53ef\u4e5f\u3002\u672a\u82e5\u8ca7\u800c\u6a02\uff0c\u5bcc\u800c\u597d\u79ae\u8005\u4e5f\u3002\u300d\u5b50\u8ca2\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u300a\u8a69\u300b\u4e91\uff1a\u300e\u5982\u5207\u5982\u78cb\uff0c\u5982\u7422\u5982\u78e8\u3002\u300f\u5176\u65af\u4e4b\u8b02\u8207\uff1f\u300d\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u8cdc\u4e5f\uff0c\u59cb\u53ef\u8207\u8a00\u8a69\u5df2\u77e3\uff01\u544a\u8af8\u5f80\u800c\u77e5\u4f86\u8005\u3002\u300d<\/strong> 16. \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u60a3\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5df1\u77e5\uff0c\u60a3\u4e0d\u77e5\u4eba\u4e5f\u3002\u300d<\/strong> Partial gloss:<\/strong>
\nMaster said: “Learning and fittingly applying it, isn’t that also persuasion? Having comrades from afar be drawn, isn’t that also concordance? Others not understanding yet one not harboring resentment, isn’t that also being a princely scholar [junzi]?”<\/p>\n
\n
\n2. \u6709\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u5176\u70ba\u4eba\u4e5f\u5b5d\u5f1f\uff0c\u800c\u597d\u72af\u4e0a\u8005\uff0c\u9bae\u77e3\uff1b\u4e0d\u597d\u72af\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u597d\u4f5c\u4e82\u8005\uff0c\u672a\u4e4b\u6709\u4e5f\u3002\u541b\u5b50\u52d9\u672c\uff0c\u672c\u7acb\u800c\u9053\u751f\u3002\u5b5d\u5f1f\u4e5f\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u70ba\u4ec1\u4e4b\u672c\u8207\uff01\u300d<\/strong>
\nMaster You said: “He who treats others with filial and fraternal piety [xiao, ti], but likes to violate superiors, has been rare; he who doesn’t like to violate superiors, but likes to raise discord, doesn’t yet exist. A princely scholar seeks the basics [ben], if the basics stand then the guidelines [dao] emerge. Filial and fraternal piety, those are the basics of benevolent humanity [ren]!”<\/p>\n
\nMaster said: “Sophistic speech and pandering expression, rarely have been benevolent!”<\/p>\n
\nMaster Zeng said: “I daily inspect my being on three things: In advising for others am I undevoted? In associating with comrades and friends am I untrue? Do I preach what I don’t practice?”<\/p>\n
\nMaster said: “To guide a state of a thousand chariots: Conduct duties with reverence and be true, expend with restraint and be considerate of others, mobilize the masses according to opportunity.”<\/p>\n
\nMaster said: “A disciple should practice filial piety upon entering the home, fraternal piety upon exiting; he should be cautious and true, pour forth consideration for the multitude, and hold benevolence dear. What energy he has to spare from doing these, he should use to learn the classics.”<\/p>\n
\nDisciple Xia said: “The astute talent shifts his outer bearing, in serving his parents he is able to exhaust his energy, in serving his prince he is able to send his life, in associating with comrades and friends he is true to his word. Though he said he has not yet learned, I must call him as learned.”<\/p>\n
\nMaster said: “A princely scholar who is inconsistent would hold no sway; the learning would not be firm. Maintain being devoted [zhong] and true [xin]. There exists no friend unlike oneself. Upon transgression, be not apprehensive about reformation.”<\/p>\n
\nMaster Zeng said: “By attending to funeral rites and recalling ancestors in memorial rites, the virtue of the masses has returned to favorability.”<\/p>\n
\nDisciple Qin asking of Disciple Gong, said: “Whichever dominion Sir Master arrives at, he always discovers its governance, does he beg of it? Or is it given to him?” Disciple Gong said: “Sir Master uses gentleness [wen], kindness [liang], piety [gong], reservation [jian], and courtesy [rang] to ascertain it. Those things of Sir Master’s entreaty all differ from those things of the entreaties of others.”<\/p>\n
\nMaster said: “While one’s father lives, observe one’s will; while one’s father is no more, observe one’s actions; if for three years no changes are made to the guidelines of one’s father, one can call it as having practiced filial piety.”<\/p>\n
\nMaster You said: “In the employment of propriety [li], harmony is treated as valuable. In the guidelines of earlier kings, harmony is treated as an ideal. If all things trivial and significant conform to propriety, there exist situations that do not work. Knowing about harmony and being harmonious, without using propriety to regulate it, also cannot work.”<\/p>\n
\nMaster You said: “If being true approximates fellowship [yi], what is spoken can be reciprocated; if being pious approximates propriety, it is far from shame and disgrace; a cause that does not lose that which it is close to, likewise can be adhered to.”<\/p>\n
\nMaster said: “A princely scholar who eats without begging satisfaction, resides without begging contentment, who is keen to duty and attentive to speech, who accommodates to established guidelines and rectifies himself within them, can already call himself as being fond of learning.”<\/p>\n
\nDisciple Gong said: “Being poor without fawn, being rich without boast, how does this obey?” Master said: “It is fine. But it is not yet as if being poor and concordant, or being rich and fond of propriety.” Disciple Gong said: “The Book of Odes states<\/a>, ‘The prince is … as cut and filed, as carved and milled.’ Is that what this is called?” Master said: “Ci (Disciple Gong), from the start I could have already mentioned the Book of Odes to you! You are one who knows what comes when told about what goes.”<\/p>\n
\nMaster said: “Do not fret about others’ not understanding oneself, fret about not understanding others.”<\/p>\n
\n
\n<: etymological derivation
\n<-: phonetic loan only
\n=: logographic calque
\n(cf. …): related
\n(vs. …): unrelated<\/p>\n\n